Ethiopia and Sudan have been cooperating in various ways. Their bilateral relations have almost reached its climax. Recently PM Hailemariam Desalegn paid a visit to Sudan. There he had a discussion with the Sudanese president and other higher officials on how to resolve contentious issues between Khartoum and Juba over the implementation of security agreements.
This is because Ethiopia is currently leading the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) that brokered the Peace Agreement ended war in South Sudan and led to its independence in July 2011. Following the meeting of the PM Hailemariam and President Omer Al-Bashir, Salah Wanasi told the media that “the talks highlighted the relationships between the countries and the role of Ethiopian peacekeepers in Abyei.
Ethiopia will strengthen its efforts to bring lasting peace and stability in both Sudans. In fact, the efforts of the country for peace in South Sudan and the Abiye of Sudan are part and parcel of its entire desire to enhance peace in the continent.
The country is mainly working to ensure peace and stability in the region along with the countries in the Horn and the international community, will strengthen its efforts to ensure lasting peace.
Its effort for peace continued and it has been working industriously, in collaboration with other stakeholders, to bring to end the dire situation in the Horn of Africa. many analysts believe that Ethiopia has been contributing too much in ensuring peace in the region.
Previously, it had been participating in peacekeeping activities of the United Nations Security Council in different African countries. It has also been exerting efforts for lasting peace in neighboring Somalia. Ethiopia has ever been increasing its considerable role in managing the situation in the South Sudan in collaboration with the IGAD member states. The situation in South Sudan needs serious support from all peace loving countries and organizations.
Tens of thousands of people have been killed and hundreds of thousands of citizens have forced to flee their homes and take refuge in neighboring countries or remain as Internally Displaced Persons inside South Sudan.
The war in 2013-2015 not only displaced more than 2.2 million Sudanese but also retarded the country’s socioeconomic and political situation. According to reports from World Bank, the Republic of South Sudan became the world’s newest nation and Africa’s 55th country on July 9, 2011, following a peaceful secession from the Sudan through a referendum in January 2011.
It has the dual challenge of dealing with the legacy of more than 50 years of conflict and continued instability, along with huge development needs. In fact, formal institutions are being built from a very low base and the capacity of government to formulate policy and implement programs were limited, but growing. It has significant oil wealth, which, if effectively used to drive development, could provide the basis for its development.
Despite the vast and largely untapped natural resources of the country, it remains relatively undeveloped, characterized by a subsistence economy. It is the most oil-dependent country in the world, with oil accounting for almost the totality of exports, and around 60 per cent of its gross domestic product.
Documents from World Bank indicated that the country’s growth domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2014 was $1,111. Outside the oil sector, livelihoods are concentrated in low productivity, unpaid agriculture and pastoralists work, accounting for around 15 per cent of GDP. In fact, 85 per cent of the working population is engaged in non-wage work, chiefly in agriculture.
The incidence of poverty has worsened, from 44.7 per cent in 2011 to more than 58.5 per cent in 2015, with a corresponding increase in the depth of poverty that the country’s economy is one of the weakest and most underdeveloped, the report added.
South Sudan also contains many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, and hydropower. It was producing 85 percent of Sudanese oil output before its independence. The oil revenues were to be split equally as it relies on pipelines, refineries and port facilities in North Sudan.
In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in South Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. The people are suffering due to the inability or unwillingness of the warring factions to make peace. It is a miserable experience that over 100,000 civilians is given food aid air-dropped from the World Food Program. South Sudan has become an aid-dependent entity, bringing necessary questions about the sustainability of this arrangement. The ability for states to survive principally from the support of governments, donors or corporations looking to turn a profit is doubtful.
In December 2013 an internal power struggle within the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement quickly degenerated into an outright conflict. Talks mediated by the Inter Governmental Authority on Development repeatedly failed to produce a permanent ceasefire.
On December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar. The president accused Mr. Machar and ten others of attempting a coup d'état. Machar denied trying to start a coup and fled, calling for Kiir to resign. Fighting broke out between the SPLM and the SPLM – in opposition, igniting the civil war.
More than a million people have fled their homes since fighting broke out between government and rebel forces. President Salva Kiir says it was a coup attempt, blaming soldiers loyal to former Vice-President Riek Machar for the trouble, but Mr Machar denies this. Up to 300,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war, including notable atrocities such as the 2014 Bentiu massacre.
Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels. In January 2014 the first ceasefire agreement was reached. Fighting still continued and would be followed by several more ceasefire agreements.
Ethiopia has been playing an indispensable role in bringing the two warring parts to a peace deal. In 2015, a peace agreement was signed that envisages transitional justice, accountability, local and national reconciliation, and healing mechanisms as issues to be addressed.
The peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015. Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president. In early 2016, following two years of extreme violence, a new government was voted into power. Relative calm has been restored in some parts of the country, but tensions remain high, as the underlying causes of the conflict and effects of violence have not yet been addressed.
The country’s situations have now become worse despite all efforts to ensure lasting peace in South Sudan. In fact, the country is strict to realize the economic integration as it envisioned to join the middle income countries in the shortest possible time. This could be done if all countries in the region are integrated economically. This is possible if and only peace and stability is guaranteed. Recognition of that fact, the government of Ethiopia has been exerting a consolidated effort to integrate the region.
In this regard the Ethiopian government has been playing a leading role in the anti-terrorism campaign in the Horn of Africa especially in Somalia and South Sudan. The government of Ethiopia is determined to continue its peace efforts in South Sudan. Besides, it has been hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees. The African Union and the United Nations Security Council have Ethiopian have been striving to help South Sudan brothers for the past three consecutive years.
Ethiopia and Sudan have agreed to work in collaboration to enhance peace and stability. Ethiopia insisted on peace for the very reason that it is strict to realize the economic integration as it envisioned to join the middle income countries in the shortest possible time. This could be done if all countries in the region are integrated economically. This is possible if and only peace and stability is guaranteed. Cognizant of that fact, the government of Ethiopia has been exerting a consolidated effort to integrate the regional economy and create a peaceful region.